workforce là gì

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The workforce or labour force is a concept referring to lớn the pool of human beings either in employment or in unemployment.^[1] It is generally used to lớn describe those working for a single company or industry, but can also apply to lớn a geographic region lượt thích a đô thị, state, or country. Within a company, its value can be labelled as its "Workforce in Place". The workforce of a country includes both the employed and the unemployed (labour force).

Formal and informal[edit]

Formal labour is any sort of employment that is structured and paid in a formal way.^[2] Unlike the informal sector of the economy, formal labour within a country contributes to lớn that country's gross national product. Informal labour is labour that falls short of being a formal arrangement in law or in practice.^[3] It can be paid or unpaid and it is always unstructured and unregulated.^[4] Formal employment is more reliable than thở informal employment. Generally, the former yields higher income and greater benefits and securities for both men and women.^[5]

Informal labour[edit]

The contribution of informal labourers is immense. Informal labour is expanding globally, most significantly in developing countries.^[6] According to lớn a study done by Jacques Charmes, in the year 2000 informal labour made up 57% of non-agricultural employment, 40% of urban employment, and 83% of the new jobs in Latin America. That same year, informal labour made up 78% of non-agricultural employment, 61% of urban employment, and 93% of the new jobs in Africa.^[7] Particularly after an economic crisis, labourers tend to lớn shift from the formal sector to lớn the informal sector. This trend was seen after the Asian economic crisis which began in 1997.^[6]

Informal labour and gender[edit]

Gender is frequently associated with informal labour. Women are employed more often informally than thở they are formally, and informal labour is an overall larger source of employment for females than thở it is for males.^[5] Women frequent the informal sector of the economy through occupations lượt thích home-based workers and street vendors.^[6] The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World shows that in the 1990s, 81% of women in Benin were street vendors, 55% in Guatemala, 44% in Mexico, 33% in Kenya, and 14% in India. Overall, 60% of women workers in the developing world are employed in the informal sector.^[2]

The specific percentages are 84% and 58% for women in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America respectively.^[2] The percentages for men in both of these areas of the world are lower, amounting to lớn 63% and 48% respectively.^[2] In Asia, 65% of women workers and 65% of men workers are employed in the informal sector.^[2] Globally, a large percentage of women that are formally employed also work in the informal sector behind the scenes. These women trang điểm the hidden work force.^[2]

According to lớn a 2021 FAO study, currently, 85 per cent of economic activity in Africa is conducted in the informal sector where women trương mục for nearly 90 per cent of the informal labour force.^[8] According to lớn the ILO’s năm nhâm thìn employment analysis, 64 per cent of informal employment is in agriculture (relative to lớn industry and services) in sub-Saharan Africa.^[9][8] Women have higher rates of informal employment than thở men with 92 per cent of women workers in informal employment versus 86 per cent of men.^[9][8]

Formal and informal labour can be divided into the subcategories of agricultural work and non-agricultural work. Martha Chen et al. believe these four categories of labour are closely related to lớn one another.^[10] A majority of agricultural work is informal, which the Penguin Atlas for Women in the World defines as unregistered or unstructured.^[2] Non-agricultural work can also be informal. According to lớn Martha Chen et al., informal labour makes up 48% of non-agricultural work in North Africa, 51% in Latin America, 65% in Asia, and 72% in Sub-Saharan Africa.^[5]

Agriculture and informal economic activity are among some of the most important sources of livelihood for women.^[8] Women are estimated to lớn trương mục for approximately 70 per cent of informal cross-border traders^[11] and are also prevalent among owners of micro, small, or medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs).^[8] MSMEs are more vulnerable to lớn market shocks and market disruptions. For women-owned MSMEs this is often compounded by their lack of access to lớn credit and financial liquidity compared to lớn larger businesses.^[8] However, MSMEs are often more vulnerable to lớn market shocks and market disruptions.^[8] For women-owned MSMEs, this is often compounded by their lack of access to lớn credit and financial liquidity compared to lớn larger businesses^[8].

Agricultural work[edit]

A farmworker, farmhand or agricultural worker is someone employed for labor in agriculture. In labor law, the term "farmworker" is sometimes used more narrowly, applying only to lớn a hired worker involved in agricultural production, including harvesting, but not to lớn a worker in other on-farm jobs, such as picking fruit.

Agricultural work varies widely depending on context, degree of mechanization and crop. In countries lượt thích the United States where there is a declining population of American citizens working on farms — temporary or itinerant skilled labor from outside the country is recruited for labor-intensive crops lượt thích vegetables and fruits.

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Agricultural labor is often the first community affected by the human health impacts of environmental issues related to lớn agriculture, such as health effects of pesticides or exposure to lớn other health challenges such as valley fever. To address these environmental concerns, immigration challenges and marginal working conditions, many labor rights, economic justice and environmental justice movements have been organized or supported by farmworkers.

Paid and unpaid[edit]

Paid and unpaid work are also closely related with formal and informal labour. Some informal work is unpaid, or paid under the table.^[10] Unpaid work can be work that is done at home page to lớn sustain a family, lượt thích child care work, or actual habitual daily labour that is not monetarily rewarded, lượt thích working the fields.^[2] Unpaid workers have zero earnings, and although their work is valuable, it is hard to lớn estimate its true value. The controversial debate still stands. Men and women tend to lớn work in different areas of the economy, regardless of whether their work is paid or unpaid. Women focus on the service sector, while men focus on the industrial sector.

Unpaid work and gender[edit]

Women usually work fewer hours in income generating jobs than thở men bởi.^[5] Often it is housework that is unpaid. Worldwide, women and girls are responsible for a great amount of household work.^[2]

The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World, published in 2008, stated that in Madagascar, women spend đôi mươi hours per week on housework, while men spend only two.^[2] In Mexico, women spend 33 hours and men spend 5 hours.^[2] In Mongolia the housework hours amount to lớn 27 and 12 for women and men respectively.^[2] In Spain, women spend 26 hours on housework and men spend 4 hours.^[2] Only in the Netherlands bởi men spend 10% more time than thở women bởi on activities within the home page or for the household.^[2]

The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World also stated that in developing countries, women and girls spend a significant amount of time fetching water for the week, while men bởi not. For example, in Malawi women spend 6.3 hours per week fetching water, while men spend 43 minutes. Girls in Malawi spend 3.3 hours per week fetching water, and boys spend 1.1 hours.^[2] Even if women and men both spend time on household work and other unpaid activities, this work is also gendered.^[5]

Sick leave and gender[edit]

In the United Kingdom in năm trước, two-thirds of workers on long-term sick leave were women, despite women only constituting half of the workforce, even after excluding maternity leave.^[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

 This article incorporates text from a không lấy phí nội dung work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture​, FAO, FAO.

External links[edit]

• Media related to lớn Workforce at Wikimedia Commons
• About the difference, in English, between the use/meaning of workforce/work force and labor/labour/labo(u)r pool