trainers là gì

By Admin 25/08/2023 0

"Basketball shoes" redirects here. For the tuy nhiên by Black Country, New Road, see Basketball Shoes.

Bạn đang xem: trainers là gì

Sneakers for going vĩ đại mosque.
Nike Air Jordan XI sneakers
A pair of Black Converse canvas sneakers
A pair of traditional low-cut Converse sneakers
Stride Rite sneakers designed for kids

Sneakers (US) or trainers (UK), also known by a wide variety of other names, are shoes primarily designed for sports or other forms of physical exercise but which are also widely used for everyday casual wear.

Since their popularization by companies such as Converse, Nike and Spalding in the mid 20th century, they have become attire,[clarification needed] with variety growing in many global markets exponentially.[clarification needed] Like other parts of the global clothing industry, shoe manufacturing is heavily concentrated in Asia with nine in ten shoes produced there.[1]

Contemporary sneakers are largely made from synthetic materials, and the materials and manufacturing process produce, on average, about 14 kg (31 lb) of CO2 emissions.[2][3] Some companies are trying vĩ đại substitute more sustainable materials in their manufacture.[3] About 90% of shoes over up in landfills at over of life.[4]

Names

Reebok Royal Glide Ripple video clip men's shoe

Sneakers have gone by a variety of names, depending on geography and changing over the decades. The broader category inclusive of sneakers is athletic shoes. The term 'athletic shoes' is typically used for shoes utilized for jogging or road running and indoor sports such as basketball, but tends vĩ đại exclude shoes for sports played on grass such as association football and rugby football, which are generally known in North America as "cleats" and in British English as "boots" or "studs".

The word "sneaker" is often attributed vĩ đại American Henry Nelson McKinney, who was an advertising agent for N. W. Ayer & Son. In 1917, he used the term because the rubber sole made the shoe's wearer stealthy. The word was already in use at least as early as 1887, when the Boston Journal made reference vĩ đại "sneakers" as "the name boys give vĩ đại tennis shoes." The name "sneakers" originally referred vĩ đại how quiet the rubber soles were on the ground, in contrast vĩ đại noisy standard hard leather sole dress shoes. Someone wearing sneakers could "sneak up", while someone wearing standards could not.[5] Earlier, the name "sneaks" had been used by prison inmates vĩ đại refer vĩ đại warders[clarification needed] because of the rubber-soled shoes they wore.[6] The term "sneakers" is most commonly used in Northeastern United States, Central and South Florida,[7][8] nước Australia,[9] New Zealand, and parts of Canada. However, in Australian, Canadian, and Scottish English, running shoes and runners are synonymous terms used vĩ đại refer vĩ đại sneakers; with the latter term also used in Hiberno-English. Tennis shoes and kicks are other terms used in Australian and North American English.

The British English equivalent of sneaker in its modern size is divided into two separate types:[dubious – discuss] predominantly outdoor and fashionable trainers, training shoes or quality 'basketball shoes' and in contrast cheap rubber-soled, low cut and canvas-topped plimsolls, daps, or flats. In Geordie English, sneakers may also be called sandshoes, gym boots, or joggers.[10]

Several terms for sneakers exist in South Africa, including gym shoes, sports shoes and takkies.[11] Other names for sneakers includes rubber shoes in Philippine English, track shoes in Singapore English, canvas shoes in Nigerian English,[dubious – discuss] camboo ("camp boot") in Ghana English, and sportex in Greece.[clarification needed]

History

These shoes acquired the nickname 'plimsoll' in the 1870s, derived according vĩ đại Nicholette Jones' book The Plimsoll Sensation, from the colored horizontal band joining the upper vĩ đại the sole, which resembled the Plimsoll line on a ship's hull. Alternatively, just lượt thích the Plimsoll line on a ship, if water got above the line of the rubber sole, the wearer would get wet.[12]

Plimsolls were widely worn by vacationers and also began vĩ đại be worn by sportsmen on the tennis and croquet courts for their comfort. Special soles with engraved patterns vĩ đại increase the surface grip of the shoe were developed, and these were ordered in bulk for the use of the British Army. Athletic shoes were increasingly used for leisure and outdoor activities at the turn of the 20th century - plimsolls were even found with the ill-fated Scott Antarctic expedition of 1911. Plimsolls were commonly worn by pupils in schools' physical education lessons in the UK from the 1950s until the early 1970s.[citation needed]

British company J.W. Foster and Sons designed and produced the first shoes designed for running in 1895; the shoes were spiked vĩ đại allow for greater traction and tốc độ. The company sold its high-quality handmade running shoes vĩ đại athletes around the world, eventually receiving a contract for the manufacture of running shoes for the British team in the 1924 Summer Olympics. Harold Abrahams and Eric Liddell won the 100 m and 400 m events, kitted out with Foster's running gear.[13]

This style of footwear also became prominent in America at the turn of the 20th century, where they were called 'sneakers'. In 1892, the U.S. Rubber Company introduced the first rubber-soled shoes in the country, sparking a surge in demand and production. The first basketball shoes were designed by Spalding as early as 1907.[citation needed] The market for sneakers grew after World War I, when sports and athletics increasingly became a way vĩ đại demonstrate moral fiber and patriotism. The U.S. market for sneakers grew steadily as young boys lined up vĩ đại buy Converse All Stars sneakers endorsed by basketball player Chuck Taylor.

During the interwar period, athletic shoes began vĩ đại be marketed for different sports, and differentiated designs were made available for men. Athletic shoes were used by competing athletes at the Olympics, helping vĩ đại popularise them among the general public. In 1936, a French brand, Spring Court,[citation needed] marketed the first canvas tennis shoe featuring signature eight ventilation channels on a vulcanised natural rubber sole.

Xem thêm: Tips buộc dây giày AF1 “chất lừ” nhất cho tín đồ yêu giày

Adolf "Adi" Dassler began producing his own sports shoes in his mother's wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, after his return from World War I, and went on vĩ đại establish one of the leading athletic shoe manufacturers, Adidas.[14] He also successfully marketed his shoes vĩ đại athletes at the 1936 Summer Olympics, which helped cement his good reputation. Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of shoes each year before World War II.[15][16]

During the 1950s, leisure opportunities greatly expanded, and children and adolescents began vĩ đại wear sneakers as school dress codes relaxed. Sneaker sales rose ví high, they began vĩ đại adversely affect the sales of conventional leather shoes, leading vĩ đại a fierce advertising war for market share in the late '50s. In the 1970s, jogging for exercise became increasingly popular, and trainers designed specifically for comfort while jogging sold well. Companies also started vĩ đại target some of their products at the casual fashion market. Soon, shoes were available for football, jogging, basketball, running, etc. Many sports had their relevant shoe, made possible by podiatrist development of athletic shoe technology.

During the 1990s, shoe companies perfected their fashion and marketing skills. Sports endorsements with famous athletes grew larger, and marketing budgets went through the roof. Sneakers became a fashion statement and were marketed as a definition of identity and personality rather kêu ca simply athletic sida.[17]

Also during the 1990s, various vendors began producing "walking shoes" for adults using the construction technology of sneakers but visually resembling traditional leather shoes. The combination of a traditional look with increased comfort rapidly achieved wide popularity and by 2010 was displacing sales of leather shoes for adults in a parallel with the post-1950 success of sneakers among children. The shift was especially noticeable in combination with business-casual clothing.

From 1970 (five models), vĩ đại 1998 (285 models), vĩ đại 2012 (3,371), the number of sport shoe models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[18]

Use in sports

A pair of modern Nike all-purpose athletic shoes

Sneakers intended for sports have a flexible sole, appropriate tread for the function, and ability vĩ đại absorb impact. As the industry and designs have expanded, the term "athletic shoes" is based more on the design of the bottom of the shoe kêu ca the aesthetics of the top of the shoe. Today's designs include sandals, Mary Janes, and even elevated styles suitable for running, nhảy đầm, and jumping.

The shoes themselves are made of flexible compounds, typically featuring a sole made of dense rubber. While the original design was basic, manufacturers have since tailored athletic shoes for their specific purposes. An example of this is the spiked shoe developed for track running. Some of these shoes are made up vĩ đại unusually large sizes for athletes with large feet.

Sneakers intended for running come in a range of shapes suited vĩ đại different purposes. Generally, they are divided by running style: the majority are for heel-toe joggers/runners which are further subdivided into 'neutral', 'overpronation' and 'underpronation'.[19] However, most evidence-based comparisons show no reduction in lower-limb running injuries from prescribing different types of shoe for different foot types.[20] The shoes are constructed with a complex structure of "rubber" with plastic/metal stiffeners vĩ đại restrict foot movement. More advanced runners tend vĩ đại wear flatter and flexible shoes, which allow them vĩ đại run rẩy more quickly with greater comfort.

According vĩ đại the NPD Group, one in four pairs of running shoes that were sold in the United States in năm nhâm thìn were bought from an online retailer.[21]

Notable brands

As of 2020, brands with global popularity include:[citation needed]

A pop-up athletic shoe retailer in Florida, United States

  • Culture

    Exhibition The Rise of Sneaker Culture at the Brooklyn Museum

    Sneakers have been an important part of hip hop (primarily Pumas, Nike, and Adidas) and rock 'n roll (Converse, Vans) cultures since the 1970s. Hip hop artists sign million dollar giao dịch with major brands such as Nike, Adidas, or Puma vĩ đại promote their shoes.[22][citation needed] Sneaker collectors, called "sneakerheads", regard sneakers as fashionable items. Sneaker companies encourage this trend by producing rare sneakers in limited numbers, often at very high retail prices. Artistically-modified sneakers can sell for upwards of $1000 at exclusive establishments lượt thích Saks Fifth Avenue.[23] In 2005, a documentary, Just for Kicks, about the sneaker phenomenon and history was released.[24][citation needed]

    Xem thêm: typo là gì

    See also

    • Biodegradable athletic footwear
    • Comparison of orthotics
    • List of shoe styles
    • Shoe tossing

    References

    1. ^ Footwear, World. "Global Footwear Industry: Positive Dynamics in 2018". World Footwear. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
    2. ^ Cheah, Lynette; Ciceri, Natalia Duque; Olivetti, Elsa; Matsumura, Seiko; Forterre, Dai; Roth, Richard; Kirchain, Randolph (2013-04-01). "Manufacturing-focused emissions reductions in footwear production". Journal of Cleaner Production. 44: 18–29. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.037. hdl:1721.1/102070. ISSN 0959-6526.
    3. ^ a b "Are Eco-Runners The Next 'It' Trainer?". British Vogue. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
    4. ^ Hoskins, Tansy E. (2020-03-21). "'Some soles last 1,000 years in landfill': the truth about the sneaker mountain". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
    5. ^ Mental Floss magazine, Sept-Oct 2008
    6. ^ Robinson, Frederick William (1863). Female life in prison, by a prison matron. Hurst and Blackett. ISBN 9781341245022.
    7. ^ Katz, Josh (25 October 2016). Speaking American: How Y'all, Youse, and You Guys Talk: A Visual Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0544703391. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
    8. ^ Hickey, Walter (5 June 2013). "22 Maps That Show How Americans Speak English Totally Differently From One Another". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
    9. ^ "The modern guide vĩ đại Aussie slang | Study in Australia".
    10. ^ "Geordie Dictionary". www.englandsnortheast.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
    11. ^ Pettman, Charles (1913). Africanderisms: A Glossary of South African Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Place and Other Names. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 491. ISBN 1515051226.
    12. ^ Susie Dent (2011). How vĩ đại Talk Like a Local: From Cockney vĩ đại Geordie. Random House. p. 99. ISBN 9781409061953.
    13. ^ Foster, Rachael. "Foster's Famous Shoes". Bolton Revisited. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
    14. ^ Smit, Barbara (2009). Sneaker Wars. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-124658-6.
    15. ^ "Exploring the History of Basketball Shoes". Sports Domain Lab. 18 March 2019.
    16. ^ "How Adidas and PUMA were born". in.rediff.com. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
    17. ^ Pribut, Stephen M. "A Sneaker Odyssey" Archived 2020-07-28 at the Wayback Machine. Dr. Stephen M. Pribut's Thể Thao Pages. 2002. Web. 23 June 2010.
    18. ^ Aichner, T. and Coletti, P.. 2013. "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 15(1): 20-35.
    19. ^ "Understand pronation vĩ đại get the correct running shoes". Comfort Hacks. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
    20. ^ Relph, Nicola; et al. (22 August 2022). "Running shoes for preventing lower limb running injuries in adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (8): CD013368. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013368.pub2. PMC 9394464. PMID 35993829.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC embargo expired (link).
    21. ^ Chesto, Jon (2017-07-19). "New City Sports owners plot revival of Boston brand". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
    22. ^ Belzer, Jason. "Sneaker Wars: Kanye West Signs Deal with Adidas, Drake with Jordan Brand". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
    23. ^ 2014 Saks Fifth Avenue catalog
    24. ^ History of Sneakers http://theidleman.com/history-of-sneakers

    External links

    • The Shoe in Sport
    • Media related vĩ đại Sneakers (footwear) at Wikimedia Commons