facilitator là gì

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A facilitator leading a discussion at a summit meeting.

A facilitator is a person who helps a group of people đồ sộ work together better, understand their common objectives, and plan how đồ sộ achieve these objectives, during meetings or discussions. In doing so sánh, the facilitator remains "neutral", meaning they vì thế not take a particular position in the discussion.[1] Some facilitator tools will try đồ sộ assist the group in achieving a consensus on any disagreements that preexist or emerge in the meeting so sánh that it has a solid basis for future action.

Definitions[edit]

There are a variety of definitions for facilitator:

  • "An individual who enables groups and organizations đồ sộ work more effectively; đồ sộ collaborate and achieve synergy. He or she is a 'content neutral' các buổi tiệc nhỏ who by not taking sides or expressing or advocating a point of view during the meeting, can advocate for fair, open, and inclusive procedures đồ sộ accomplish the group's work" – Michael Doyle[2]
  • "One who contributes structure and process đồ sộ interactions so sánh groups are able đồ sộ function effectively and make high-quality decisions. A helper and enabler whose goal is đồ sộ tư vấn others as they pursue their objectives." – I. Bens, p.viii.[3]
  • "The facilitator's job is đồ sộ support everyone đồ sộ vì thế their best thinking and practice. To vì thế this, the facilitator encourages full participation, promotes mutual understanding and cultivates shared responsibility. By supporting everyone đồ sộ vì thế their best thinking, a facilitator enables group members đồ sộ tìm kiếm for inclusive solutions and build sustainable agreements" – Kaner et al[4]

Authority[edit]

The concept of authority (of the facilitator) is one which can cause confusion. John Heron espouses three alternates (initially in the educational context) as being:

  • Tutelary authority – based on the credentials, competences and skills of the tutor/facilitator. A professor with a PhD in her specialty brought in đồ sộ a facilitate a meeting would get tutelary authority from her knowledge and credentials.
  • Political authority – involving the exercise of decision-making[5] with respect đồ sộ the objectives, programme, methods, resources and assessment of learning. This manifests particularly in the planning dimension.
  • Charismatic authority – influence by presence, style and manner. It manifests particularly through the feeling, confronting and valuing dimensions.

Types[edit]

US Navy training facilitator in action.
Shimer College facilitator conversing with students.

Business facilitators[edit]

Business facilitators work in business, and other formal organizations but facilitators may also work with a variety of other groups and communities. It is a tenet of facilitation that the facilitator will not lead the group towards the answer that they think is best even if they possess an opinion on the facilitation subject. The facilitator's role is đồ sộ make it easier for the group đồ sộ arrive at its own answer, decision, or deliverable.

This can and does give rise đồ sộ organizational conflict between hierarchical management and theories and practice of empowerment. Facilitators often have đồ sộ navigate between the two, especially where overt statements about empowerment are not being borne out by organizational behaviors.[6]

Conflict resolution facilitators[edit]

Conflict resolution facilitators are used in peace and reconciliation processes both during and after a conflict. They tư vấn constructive and democratic dialogue between groups with diverse and usually diametrically opposite positions. Conflict resolution facilitators must be impartial đồ sộ the conflicting groups (or societies) and must adhere đồ sộ the rules of democratic dialogue. They may not take sides or express personal opinions. Their role is đồ sộ tư vấn groups develop shared vision for the future, learn đồ sộ listen đồ sộ each other, and understand and appreciate the feelings, experiences and positions of the opposing side.

Educational facilitators[edit]

Educators in dialogic learning and other peer instruction approaches often serve as facilitators. According đồ sộ one common definition, an educational facilitator has the same level of knowledge about both education and the subject matter as a teacher, but works with the goal of having students take as much responsibility for their own learning as possible.[7] Instructors at Shimer College, for example, are often referred đồ sộ as facilitators due đồ sộ their role in provoking learning by facilitating a conversation among students about the text rather kêu ca instructing the students directly.[8] In language teaching, teachers may shift đồ sộ a facilitative role đồ sộ increase student ownership of the learning process.[9] Effective facilitation requires self-monitoring and careful attention đồ sộ the details of interaction as well as the nội dung of the material.[10]

Small group facilitators[edit]

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Facilitators can help participants in small and medium-sized groups đồ sộ work through a meeting agenda. The facilitator is often appointed in place of what would once have been a chairperson's role. Along with other officers, the facilitator is appointed at the group's annual general meeting đồ sộ fill the role for the year ahead. Groups that have adopted this model include prayer groups, men's groups, writing groups and other community organisations.

Training facilitators[edit]

Training facilitators are used in adult education. These facilitators are not always subject experts, and attempt đồ sộ draw on the existing knowledge of the participant(s), and đồ sộ then facilitate access đồ sộ training where gaps in knowledge are identified and agreed on. Training facilitators focus on the foundations of adult education: establish existing knowledge, build on it and keep it relevant. The role is different from a trainer with subject expertise. Such a person will take a more leading role and take a group through an agenda designed đồ sộ transmit a body toàn thân of knowledge or a phối of skills đồ sộ be acquired. (See tutelary authority above.)

Wraparound facilitators[edit]

Wraparound facilitators are facilitators in the social services community. The term "wraparound" refers đồ sộ the broad, holistic approach used by the facilitators, taking into trương mục a range of factors. They originally served disabled teens who were transitioning into adulthood. Now they include facilitators serving children between the ages of 0–3 years who are in need of services. Outside the meetings, the facilitator organizes meetings, engages team members and conducts follow through. During meetings the facilitator leads and manages the team by keeping the participants on track and encourages a strength-based discussion addressing the child's needs. The facilitator encourages equal participation among team members.

Skills[edit]

See Facilitation (business) for a view of specific skills and activities.

Many skills are required đồ sộ be a good facilitator. The basic skills of a facilitator are about following good meeting practices: timekeeping, following an agreed-upon agenda, and keeping a clear record. The higher-order skills involve watching the group and its individuals in light of group dynamics. In addition, facilitators also need a variety of listening skills including ability đồ sộ paraphrase; stack a conversation; draw people out; balance participation; and make space for more reticent group members (Kaner, et al., 1996). It is critical đồ sộ the facilitator's role đồ sộ have the knowledge and skill đồ sộ be able đồ sộ intervene in a way that adds đồ sộ the group's creativity rather kêu ca taking away from it.

A successful facilitator embodies respect for others and a watchful awareness of the many layers of reality in a human group.

In the sự kiện that a consensus cannot be reached then the facilitator would assist the group in understanding the differences that divide it.

Facilitators also require good understanding of processes – how đồ sộ enable group decision-making, structuring agendas for appropriate results, problem-solving, etc.

Associations and organizations[edit]

The International Association of Facilitators (IAF) was founded in 1994 đồ sộ promote and tư vấn facilitation as a profession.[11] The IAF maintains the Certified Professional Facilitator program. The competencies of a Certified Professional Facilitator can be found on the IAF trang web.[12] These core competencies are: (1) Create collaborative client relationships; (2) Plan appropriate group processes; (3) Create and sustain a participatory environment; (4) Guide group đồ sộ appropriate and useful outcomes; (5) Build and maintain professional knowledge and; (6) Model positive professional attitude.

The International Institute for Facilitation (INIFAC) was founded in 2003 đồ sộ maintain and promote a program of certification for facilitation, the Certified Master Facilitator program.[13] The competencies of a Certified Master Facilitator can be found on the INIFAC trang web.[14]

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See also[edit]

  • Meeting
  • Process consultant

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bens, viIngrid (2012). Facilitating with ease! Chip Core skills for facilitators, team leaders and members, managers, consultants, and trainers. San Francisco: Wiley.
  2. ^ Michael Doyle, quoted in Kaner, et al., 2007, p. xiii.
  3. ^ Bens, I. (2012) Facilitation: Your pocket guide đồ sộ facilitation (3rd Edition). Salmen, NH: GOAL/QPC.
  4. ^ Sam Kaner and colleagues (2007) p. 32.
  5. ^ Heron, J. The Complete Facilitator's Handbook (1999) Kogan Page ISBN 0-7494-2798-1
  6. ^ Wherrett, R. The Compleat Biz, (2009) Reroq Publishing ISBN 978-0-9561305-0-1
  7. ^ Underhill, Adrian (1999). "Facilitation in Language Teaching". In Arnold, Jane (ed.). Affect in Language Learning. p. 126. ISBN 0521650410.
  8. ^ Gonzalez, Austin; Stanevich, Kyle (2013-09-22). "Cross-enrollment at Shimer College proves pleasant experience". Tech News. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  9. ^ Underhill 1999, p. 125.
  10. ^ Underhill 1999, pp. 133–140.
  11. ^ International Association of Facilitators Charter (PDF). June 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
  12. ^ "Competencies for Certification". Iaf-world.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
  13. ^ "INIFAC – International Institute for Facilitation | INIFAC, The International Institute for Facilitation". Inifac.org. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
  14. ^ "The Master Facilitator Competencies | INIFAC, The International Institute for Facilitation". Inifac.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2014-02-04.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Bens, I. Facilitating With Ease!: A Step-by-Step Guidebook with Customizable Worksheets on CD-ROM, (2000) Jossey-Bass, ISBN 0-7879-5194-3
  • Group Facilitation: A Research and Applications Journal, IAF, ISSN 1534-5653 (Print) & ISSN 1545-5947 (Online)
  • Hogan, C.F. (1999), Facilitating Learning, Melbourne, Australia: Eruditions, ISBN 1-86491-005-4
  • Hogan, C.F. (2000), Facilitating Empowerment, London: Kogan Page, ISBN 978-0749432973
  • Hogan, C.F. (2002), Understanding Facilitation, London: Kogan Page, ISBN 0 7494 3826 6
  • Hogan, C.F. (2003), Practical Facilitation, London: Kogan Page, ISBN 0 7494 3827 4
  • Hogan, C.F. (2007), Facilitating Multicultural Groups: A Practical Guide, London: Kogan Page, ISBN 0749444924
  • Kaner, S. with Lind, L., Toldi, C., Fisk, S. and Berger, D. Facilitator's Guide đồ sộ Participatory Decision-Making, (2007) Jossey-Bass; ISBN 0-7879-8266-0
  • Schuman, S. (Ed) The IAF Handbook of Group Facilitation: Best Practices from the Leading Organization in Facilitation, (2005) Jossey-Bass ISBN 0-7879-7160-X
  • Schuman, S. (Ed) Creating a Culture of Collaboration: The IAF Handbook, (2006) Jossey-Bass ISBN 0-7879-8116-8
  • Schwarz, R. The Skilled Facilitator, (3rd Edition 2017) Jossey-Bass ISBN 978-1119064398
  • Seifert, J.W. Visualisation – Presentation – Facilitation: Translation of the German Classic, (2012) Gabal, ISBN 978-3-86936-394-3
  • Wilkinson, M. The Effective Facilitator, (2004) Jossey-Bass ISBN 0-7879-7578-8