cloze test là gì

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From Wikipedia, the miễn phí encyclopedia

A student dragging terms on a smartboard vĩ đại fill cloze text

A cloze test (also cloze deletion test or occlusion test) is an exercise, test, or assessment in which a portion of text is masked and the participant is asked vĩ đại fill-in the masked portion of text. Cloze tests require the ability vĩ đại understand the context and vocabulary in order vĩ đại identify the correct language or part of speech that belongs in the deleted passages. This exercise is commonly administered for the assessment of native and second language learning and instruction.

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The word cloze is derived from closure in Gestalt theory. The exercise was first described by W. L. Taylor in 1953.[1]

Words may be deleted from the text in question either mechanically (every nth word) or selectively, depending on exactly what aspect it is intended vĩ đại test for. The methodology is the subject of extensive academic literature;[2] nonetheless, teachers commonly devise ad hoc tests.

Examples[edit]

A language teacher may give the following passage vĩ đại students:

Today, I went vĩ đại the ___________ and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going vĩ đại rain, but I forgot vĩ đại take my ________, and ended up getting wet on the way.

Students would then be required vĩ đại fill in the blanks with words that would best complete the passage. The context in language and nội dung terms is essential in most, if not all, cloze tests. The first blank is preceded by "the"; therefore, a noun, an adjective or an adverb must follow. However, a conjunction follows the blank; the sentence would not be grammatically correct if anything other than thở a noun was in the blank. The words "milk and eggs" are important for deciding which noun vĩ đại put in the blank; "supermarket" is a possible answer; depending on the student, however, the first blank could be store, supermarket, cửa hàng, shops, market, or grocer while umbrella, brolly or raincoat could fit the second. A possible completed passage would be:

Today, I went vĩ đại the supermarket and bought some milk and eggs. I knew it was going vĩ đại rain, but I forgot vĩ đại take my umbrella and ended up getting wet on the way.

Besides use for testing linguistic fluency, a cloze test may also be used for testing factual knowledge, for example:

________ is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose.

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Possible answers would then include lactic acid fermentation, anaerobic glycolysis, and anaerobic respiration.

Assessment[edit]

The definition of success in a given cloze test varies, depending on the broader goals behind the exercise. Assessment may depend on whether the exercise is objective (i.e. students are given a list of words vĩ đại use in a cloze) or subjective (i.e. students are vĩ đại fill in a cloze with words that would make a given sentence grammatically correct).

I saw a man lắc his jacket on a puddle for a woman crossing the street. I thought that was very ______.

Given the above passage, students' answers may then vary depending on their vocabulary skills and their personal opinions. However, the placement of the blank at the over of the sentence restricts the possible words that may complete the sentence; following an adverb and finishing the sentence, the word is most likely an adjective. Romantic, chivalrous or gallant may, for example, occupy the blank, as well as foolish or cheesy. Using those answers, a teacher may ask students vĩ đại reflect on the opinions drawn from the given cloze.

Recent research using eye-tracking has posited that cloze/gapfill items where a selection of words are given as options may be testing different kinds of reading skills depending on the language abilities of the participants taking the test.[3] Lower ability test takers are suggested vĩ đại be more likely vĩ đại be concentrating on the information contained in the words immediately surrounding the gap, while higher ability test takers are thought vĩ đại be able vĩ đại use a wider context window, which is also true for more capable large language models, such as ChatGPT, in contrast vĩ đại less able older models.

A number of the methodological problems pointed out by researchers regarding the open-ended type cloze item (readers must supply a correct word from long-term memory, how vĩ đại score acceptable responses that are not the exact replacement, etc.) can be solved by the use of carefully designed multiple-choice cloze items. See sample test and practice activity from a pilot study in a rural Latin American community.[4] Mostow and associates also showed how this approach is both practical and informative.[5]

Implementation[edit]

In addition vĩ đại the usage in testing, cloze deletion can be used in learning, particularly language learning, but also learning facts. This may be done manually – for example, by covering sections of a text with paper, or highlighting sections of text with a highlighter, then covering the line with a colored ruler in the complementary color (say, a red ruler for a green highlighter) sánh the highlighted text disappears; this is popular in nhật bản, for instance[citation needed]. Cloze deletion can also be used as part of spaced repetition software. For example the SuperMemo and Anki applications feature semi-automated creation of cloze tests.

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Cloze deletion can also be applied vĩ đại a graphic organizer, wherein a diagram, map, grid, or image is presented and contextual clues must be used vĩ đại fill in some labels.[6] In particular, when learning an image-heavy subject, such as anatomy, a user of Anki may employ an image occlusion vĩ đại occlude parts of an image.[7]

Comparison vĩ đại other testing methodologies[edit]

Glover, 1989 compared different forms of recall and their effectiveness after time passed for forgetting vĩ đại occur. Glover referred vĩ đại cloze tests as cued recall, which was found vĩ đại be less effective than thở miễn phí recall testing (generic cue was given vĩ đại pupil, the pupil was expected vĩ đại recall all they knew), but more effective than thở recognition tests.[8]

Natural language processing[edit]

Cloze test is often used as an evaluation task in natural language processing (NLP) vĩ đại assess the performance of the trained language models.[9] The tasks have a few different variants, lượt thích predicting the answer for the blank with[10] and without[11] providing the right options, predicting the ending sentence of a story or passage,[12] etc. Since BERT it is also used in pre-training language models, in which case it is known as masked language modelling.

See also[edit]

  • Communicative competence
  • English language learning and teaching
  • Form letter
  • Mad Libs
  • Sentence completion tests

References[edit]

  1. ^ Taylor, W. L. (1953). "Cloze procedure: A new tool for measuring readability". Journalism Quarterly. 30 (4): 415–433. doi:10.1177/107769905303000401. S2CID 206666846.
  2. ^ Sachs, J.; Tung, Phường.; Lam, R. (1997). "How vĩ đại Construct a Cloze Test: Lessons from Testing Measurement Theory Models". Perspectives. City University of Hong Kong. 9.
  3. ^ McCray, Gareth; Brunfaut, Tineke (November 2016). "Investigating the Construct Measured by Banked Gap-fill Items: Evidence from Eye-tracking". Language Testing. 35: 51–73. doi:10.1177/0265532216677105.
  4. ^ Chireac, S-M.; Francis, N. & McClure, J. (2019). “Awareness of sườn and pattern in literacy assessment: Classroom applications for the first and second language.” The Reading Matrix, 19 (1), 20—34.
  5. ^ Mostow, J.; Huang, Y.-T.; Jang, H.-J.; Weinstein, A.; Valeri, J. and Gates, D. (2017). Developing, evaluating, and refining an automatic generator of diagnostic multiple-choice cloze questions vĩ đại assess children’s comprehension while reading. Natural Language Engineering, 23, 245–294.
  6. ^ Robinson, M. E. (January 1, 1974). "Cloze Procedure and Spatial Comprehension Tests". Area. 6 (2): 137–142. JSTOR 20000851.
  7. ^ "Image Occlusion Enhanced for Anki 2.1 (alpha) - AnkiWeb". ankiweb.net. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  8. ^ Glover, John. "The "Testing" Phenomenon: Not Gone but Nearly Forgotten" (PDF). Journal of Educational Psychology: 5, 6.
  9. ^ "Question Answering in NLP".
  10. ^ "Language Models as Knowledge Bases?" (PDF). Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.
  11. ^ Lewis, Patrick; Denoyer, Ludovic; Riedel, Sebastian (August 2019). "Unsupervised Question Answering by Cloze Translation" (PDF). Facebook Research: 4896–4910. arXiv:1906.04980. doi:10.18653/v1/P19-1484. S2CID 186206974.
  12. ^ "Story Cloze Test and ROCStories Corpora".

More Information[edit]

  • Hanzeli, Victor E. (May 1977). "The Effectiveness of Cloze Tests in Measuring the Competence of Students of French in an Academic Setting". The French Review. 50 (6): 865–874. JSTOR 389444.
  • McCray, Gareth; Brunfaut, Tineke (November 2016). "Investigating the Construct Measured by Banked Gap-fill Items: Evidence from Eye-tracking". Language Testing. 35: 51–73. doi:10.1177/0265532216677105.