Backpack

A backpack—also called knapsack, rucksack, rucksac, pack, sackpack, booksack, bookbag or backsack—is, in its simplest frameless size, a fabric sack carried on one's back and secured with two straps that go over the shoulders, but it can have an external frame, internal frame, and there are bodypacks.

Backpacks are commonly used by hikers and students, and are often preferred to tướng handbags for carrying heavy loads or carrying any sort of equipment, because of the limited capacity to tướng carry heavy weights for long periods of time in the hands.

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Large backpacks, used to tướng carry loads over 10 kilograms (22 lb), as well as smaller sports backpacks (e.g. running, cycling, hiking and hydration), usually offload the largest part (up to tướng about 90%) of their weight onto padded hip belts, leaving the shoulder straps mainly for stabilising the load. This improves the potential to tướng carry heavy loads, as the hips are stronger kêu ca the shoulders, and also increases agility and balance, since the load rides nearer the wearer's own center of mass.

Terminology[edit]

The word backpack was coined in the United States in the 1910s. Moneybag and packsack were used prior, and now occur mainly as regionalisms.

The word rucksack is a German loanword mainly used in the UK, US and in other Western military forces. In Middle High German ruck(e) means "back" (dorsum), which led to tướng the Upper German word ruggsack. In modern German the word "der Rucksack" is commonly used.^[1] The name rucksack is cognate with the Danish rygsæk, Norwegian ryggsekk, Dutch rugzak, Afrikaans rugsak, Swedish ryggsäck, and Russian рюкзак (rjukzak).

The word knapsack was the usual name for a rucksack or backpack up until the middle of the 20th century. This is commonly used in Canada.

Alternative names include haversack from the German Hafersack meaning "oat sack"^[2] (which more properly describes a small cloth bag on a strap worn over one shoulder and originally referred to tướng the bag of oats carried as horse fodder), Kraxe (a German rucksack with a rigid framework), and bergen (a large load-carrying rucksack, from a design issued by the British Army during the Second World War).^[3] In fact, Britons used to tướng Hotline Alpine-style backpacks "Bergen rucksacks", maybe from the name of their creator, Norwegian Ole F. Bergan, combined with the name of the Norwegian đô thị of Bergen.^{[citation needed]}

Backpacks can often simply be referred to tướng as "packs", especially in outdoors contexts; though sometimes ambiguous compared to tướng other bags such as saddlebags and duffel bags, context is generally sufficient for identification. They are also used in recreational activities, and have long since been used to tướng carry sports equipment and other materials.

Long before its various terminologies began appearing in print, evidence of early backpacks was scarce. A contender for the earliest was found within the mummified remains of Ötzi in 3300BC.^[4]

Swiss army backpack c. 1960
Integrated bearer (internal) frame (c. 1960)

Designs[edit]

A back frame with shelf used to tướng carry loads in the Allgäu, where it is known as a *Reff*

Backpacks in general fall into one of four categories: frameless, external frame, internal frame, and bodypack. A pack frame, when present, serves to tướng tư vấn the pack and distribute the weight of its contents across the body toàn thân more appropriately, by transferring much of the weight to tướng the hips and legs. Most of the weight is therefore taken off the shoulders, reducing the chance of injury from shoulder strap pressure (many backpacks equipped solely with shoulder straps can affect the posture of a person carrying more kêu ca 14 kg (30 lbs)), as well as being less restrictive of the upper body toàn thân range of motion. Most backpacks are capable of being closed with either a buckle mechanism, a zipper, or a dry-bag type closure, though a few models use a drawstring fitted with a cord lock for the main compartment.

A bodypack is a backpack fitted with one or more pockets that are suspended on the wearer's chest and loaded in such a way that the load in the front and the load in the back are close to tướng equal. The majority of the load in a bodypack is carried by the hips. The ideal load carrying system should not disturb the wearer's natural posture, balance and maneuverability. The load must be dispersed onto the skeletal structure in an even manner, and should not produce unbalanced forces on the body toàn thân.

Frameless[edit]

The simplest backpack design is a bag attached to tướng a mix of shoulder straps. Such packs are used for general transportation of goods, and have variable capacity. The simplest designs consist of one main pocket. This may be combined with webbing or cordage straps, while more sophisticated models add extra pockets, waist straps, chest straps, padded shoulder straps, padded backs, and sometimes reflective materials for added safety at night. These packs are generally produced inexpensively.

Some outdoor packs, particularly those sold for day hikes, ultralight backpacking and mountaineering are sometimes frameless as well.

Sports[edit]

Sports and hydration backpacks are smaller with a profile closer to tướng the body toàn thân, wider straps and can come with water bladders and hip belts for running, cycling or hiking. Running hydration packs are the smallest and lightest, many under 2 litres and most under six litres. Compression straps across the top of one's body toàn thân are common as are hip belts. Cycling hydration packs are six to tướng ten litres sitting high on the back. Although daypacks are small averaging ten to tướng thirty litres, all Trekking and Hiking hydration packs are generally the largest and heaviest. Thirty five up to tướng sixty five litres and above are common.

External frame packs[edit]

External frame packs were designed to tướng carry heavy loads (>20 kg or 40 lb), giving the wearer more tư vấn and protection and better weight distribution kêu ca a simple, frameless strapped bag. Wooden pack frames were used for centuries around the world. Ötzi the Iceman may have used one in Copper Age Alpine Italy,^[6]^[7] though some archaeologists believe the frame found with the body toàn thân was part of a snowshoe. Such packs are common in military and mountaineering applications;^[8] metal versions first appeared in the late-19th century.

The first external frame rucksack to tướng receive a patent was made by Henry Clay Merriam, a U.S. Army officer during the late 19th century. Introduced in 1887, Merriam’s innovative pack was made with drab duck canvas, which was attached to tướng a light steel frame. In addition to tướng two shoulder straps, the pack featured several leather straps that allowed the infantryman to tướng attach his bedroll and canteen to tướng the frame, instead of having them rest on his chest and hips. The most important feature, however, were the two hardwood rods that extended from the sides of the pack to tướng leather pockets on a half-belt, which rested across the lower back and hips. This system allowed the pack to tướng elevate off the back and shoulders, and thus transfer the weight of the load onto the hips. Though he tried in vain to tướng sell his invention to tướng the U.S. Army, he was only able to tướng sell a few thousand packs to tướng the Thủ đô New York National Guard, and the French and Austrian Armies.^[9]^{[page needed]}

Backpack design took another major leap forward with the introduction of the first aluminum external-frame backpack by Jack Abert, an avid hiker from Phoenix, Arizona. As a Boy Scout camp counselor, Abert saw first-hand how inadequate the backpacks scouts were using at that time, and mix out to tướng design a more comfortable pack. In 1947 he designed a contoured aluminum frame that was both strong and light, and shifted much of the weight off the shoulders and onto the hips. By 1950 his invention had received official approval from the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America, and by 1967 he had become the largest manufacturer of backpacking frames in the world.^[9]^{[page needed]}

Today's external frames are typically made from aluminum, other lightweight metal alloy, and recently reinforced synthetic polymers or plastic and is equipped with a system of straps and tautly-stretched netting which prevents liên hệ between the metal frame and user's back. In addition to tướng comfort, this "stand-off" provides the additional benefit of creating air circulation between the frame and the wearer's back. For this reason, external frame packs are generally considered to tướng be a "cooler load" kêu ca internal frame designs. External frame packs have a fabric "sack" portion which is usually smaller kêu ca that of internal frame packs, but have exposed frame portions above and below the sack to tướng accommodate attachment of larger items. In addition, the sack can often be removed entirely, permitting the user to tướng customize the configuration of their load, or to tướng transport a non-conventional load such as a quartered game animal. Military packs are often external frame designs due to tướng their ability to tướng carry loads of different shapes, sizes and weights.

A recently proposed type of external frame would be made from composite plastic, which is not flexible lượt thích current backpack straps are, and can be shaped lượt thích human spine curvature. In this type of backpack, the load would directly transfer to tướng the shoulders through the non-flexible straps, helpful in preventing damage of long term backpack carrying. This non-flexible structure also diminishes the momentum at the lumbar region of the back. The strap curvature would be shaped closely to tướng normal spine curvature, with two flexible drawstrings to tướng minimize backpack movement along the transverse plane. The straps of this backpack would be wide enough to tướng distribute the pressure on the shoulders, with an internal white glass wool layer to tướng absorb dynamic forces from movement. This backpack type is experimental, needing further development before usage.^[5]

Internal frame packs[edit]

The internal frame backpack is a recent innovation, invented in 1967 by Greg Lowe, who went on to tướng found Lowe Alpine and Lowepro, companies specializing in backpacks and other forms of carrying bags for various equipment.^[10] Lowe's innovation also featured the first side compression straps, the first modern sternum strap, and the first load stabilizers.^[9]^{[page needed]} Internal-frame packs have a large fabric section around an internal frame composed of strips of either aluminum, titanium or plastic, sometimes with additional metal stays to tướng reinforce the frame. A complex series of straps works with the frame to tướng distribute the weight and hold it in place. The internal frame permits the pack to tướng fit closely to tướng the wearer's back and minimizes shifting of the load, which is desirable when participating in activities that involve upper-body movement such as scrambling over rocky surfaces and skiing. However, the tight fit reduces ventilation, ví these type of packs tend to tướng be more sweaty kêu ca external frame packs. The internal construction also allows for a large storage compartment; a few lash points (including webbing loops and straps for sleeping bags and other large items) may be present, but as the frame is completely integrated, it is difficult to tướng securely lash larger and heavier items which vì thế not fit inside the compartment to tướng the outside of the pack. Internal frame packs originally suffered from smaller load capacity and less comfortable fit during steady walking, but newer models have improved greatly in these respects. In addition, because of their snug fit, the improved internal frame models have largely replaced external frame backpacks for many activities.

Daily use[edit]

A daypack is a smaller, frameless backpack that can hold enough contents for a day hike, or a day's worth of other activities. They are not large enough for average wilderness backpacking that use full-sized sleeping bags and backpacking tents, but may be large enough for ultralight backpacking. Padded or unpadded waist straps may be provided to tướng distribute weight across the body toàn thân.

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In many countries, backpacks are heavily identified with students, and are a primary means of transporting educational materials to tướng and from school.^[11] In this context they are sometimes known as bookbags or schoolbags. The purchase of a suitably fashionable, attractive, and useful backpack is a crucial back-to-school ritual for many students.^[11]

Typical school backpacks generally lack the rigid frame of an outdoor-style backpack and include only a few pockets in the front in addition to tướng the main storage compartment. While traditionally very simple in design, school backpacks are often made with padded shoulder straps and backs as well as additional reinforcement to tướng hold large numbers of heavy textbooks, as well as safety features such as reflective panels to tướng make the wearer of the pack more visible at night.

Backpacks are sometimes worn as fashion accessories, in which they perform the same function as a purse.^[11] Some such backpacks designed specifically for women are no larger kêu ca a typical purse, and are generally associated with younger women.

Special-purpose[edit]

Some backpacks are specifically designed to tướng carry certain items. Common examples include backpacks for small valuable items such as laptops and cameras;^[11] backpacks designed to tướng hold máy vi tính computers in particular generally have a padded compartment to tướng hold the computer and medium-sized pockets and flaps to tướng accommodate accessories such as charger cables and mice. These are especially common in college and university settings. In order to tướng supply these devices with electricity, a few high-end backpacks are equipped with solar panels.^[12]

Rolling backpacks are backpacks with wheels on the bottom and an extending handle. Because of their design, rolling backpacks reduce the strain on the user, though the shoulder straps may be used to tướng carry the pack for short distances when the terrain is not suitable for wheels. Rolling backpacks are most commonly used while traveling by airplane or train.

Hydration backpacks are also available. These light daypacks are specifically designed to tướng hold water in a special water bladder (also known as reservoir), and their purpose is to tướng allow the carrier constant fluid hydration handsfree, ví that the carrier can focus on their task without having to tướng stop to tướng get a water bottle out.

A rolling backpack, a hybrid between a backpack and a rolling suitcase

Professional use[edit]

Backpacks are a standard part of the load-bearing equipment of soldiers, especially infantry, in most countries, and military-style packs are regularly available to tướng civilians in military surplus stores. Well-known examples include the United States ALICE field pack and the British Army PLCE rucksack attachment, both of which are widely available to tướng civilian markets both as actual military surplus (new or used) and as replicas. Such packs are often, though not always (e.g. the USMC's ILBE pack), external-frame packs, with the pack itself lashed or pinned to tướng a metal or plastic carrying frame. For units that are entering combat situations, packs may be loaded heavily and can weigh in excess of 100 lb (45 kg). Each soldier may carry extra weapons, ammunition, rations, medical supplies, tents or other shelter material, and extra clothing.

Many police tactical units, as well as players of military-style combat games such as paintball and airsoft, use these military-style tactical backpacks and webbing for storing gear and ammunition. There is also a small but thriving industry devoted to tướng creating historical reproductions of military gear; such companies generally produce period-appropriate uniforms and other gear in addition to tướng backpacks.

Some more recent military/tactical designs, especially the MOLLE and ILBE packs used by the United States armed forces, are covered with webbing loop attachment points for increased carrying capacity.

Recently, at least one brand of backpack has been specially designed for professional cooks and culinary students. This sort of backpack is meant to tướng safely carry knives, cooking tools, and other miscellaneous equipment such as notebooks, towels, and uniforms.

Specialist backpacks are used by fire services for wildfire fighting, as well as by rescue services for Search and Rescue. These backpacks are generally very modular, allowing the pack to tướng be reconfigured to tướng the users wishes and are designed to tướng load around the wearers hips. They may include features such as sections for water bladders and specially designed pouches, such as those used to tướng carry personal fire shelters.

Image gallery[edit]

MOLLE patrol pack
Tropical rucksack (back)
Tropical rucksack (side)
Tropical rucksack (front)
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Military backpack

Backpacks for travel[edit]

Backpacks are sometimes used as luggage, particularly as carry-on bags for airplane travel.

In addition to tướng their use in outdoors pursuits, backpacks are sometimes used in other sports as well. Hydration packs, sometimes used by athletes and military personnel, carry water (in either a bladder or a rigid bottle) and have a tube connected to tướng them from which the wearer can drink without removing the pack; this feature is also included in some more general-purpose hiking backpacks. Backpacks that carry skateboards have also become more popular in the youth culture.